Differencies between quantitative and qualitative research methods: Using qualitative research method to study w88 link w88 moi nhat leardership

ABSTRACT:

This paper presents an overview and contrast on quantitative and qualitative research perspectives. w88 link w88 moi nhat qualitative research is subjective and is based on linguistic data and descriptive methods. Meanwhile, w88 link w88 moi nhat quantitative research is objective and is based on data and statistical methods. In addition, this paper provides a more comprehensive understanding of w88 link w88 moi nhat differences of w88 link w88 moi nhat two above-mentioned research methods by analyzing w88 link w88 moi nhat strengths and weaknesses of each method. This paper also shows that w88 link w88 moi nhat use of qualitative research methods gives insight into w88 link w88 moi nhat competence of leaders.

Keywords:Leadership, qualitative, quantitative.

1. Introduction

A quantitative perspective indicates that knowledge is “out there” to be discovered whereas, a qualitative perspective refers that knowledge is constructed within w88 link w88 moi nhat perceptions and interpretations of w88 link w88 moi nhat individual (VanderStoep & Johnston, 2009). In social science, there has been a controversial issue in which w88 link w88 moi nhat most relevant philosophical stance should be derived. w88 link w88 moi nhat research purposes of w88 link w88 moi nhat quantitative and qualitative perspective both have different effects. While w88 link w88 moi nhat qualitative perspective is subjective and uses language and description, w88 link w88 moi nhat quantitative perspective is objective and refers on figures and statistics. This paper attempts to give an overview and a contrast of w88 link w88 moi nhat two different research perspectives — quantitative and qualitative. Furthermore, w88 link w88 moi nhat paper is to show w88 link w88 moi nhat selection of w88 link w88 moi nhat qualitative perspective as a pathway of gaining w88 link w88 moi nhat insights and discoveries in w88 link w88 moi nhat leadership studies.

2. Overview of quantitative and qualitative perspectives

Quantitative perspective utilizes w88 link w88 moi nhat deductive and statistical methods. Its goal is to generalize w88 link w88 moi nhat results to w88 link w88 moi nhat entire population. In contrast, w88 link w88 moi nhat qualitative perspective uses inductive and exploratory method. w88 link w88 moi nhat purposes of qualitative research use description and exploration to obtain a deep intelligibility w88 link w88 moi nhat meaning of social phenomena. w88 link w88 moi nhat narrative results focused on w88 link w88 moi nhat individual and w88 link w88 moi nhat life experience, and generalization is usually not a goal. w88 link w88 moi nhat overview of both perspectives will be discussed in w88 link w88 moi nhat following table.

Table 1: Attributes of Quantitative and Qualitative paradigms.

Source:Adjusted w88 link w88 moi nhat work ofSteckler et al. (1992)

2.1. Purpose

w88 link w88 moi nhat purpose of quantitative research is more predictive than descriptive. w88 link w88 moi nhat quantitative research is emphasized by w88 link w88 moi nhat study of social variables that lead to prediction of a social phenomenon (VanderStoep & Johnston, 2009). Using quantitative data, we might find a statistically significant relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable, and we might even have some ground to speculate about causality between these two variables. That is, within w88 link w88 moi nhat quantitative research reality is construed as being composed of causes and effects and it is w88 link w88 moi nhat researcher’s role to quantify these in order to predict future behavior, outcomes, or other events (Borland, 2001).

On w88 link w88 moi nhat other hand, w88 link w88 moi nhat purpose of quantitative research is more descriptive than predictive. w88 link w88 moi nhat qualitative research is emphasized on greater understanding or intelligibility w88 link w88 moi nhat meaning of social phenomena. This usually implies attempting to understand and define w88 link w88 moi nhat culture of w88 link w88 moi nhat individuals and groups that are being studied (VanderStoep & Johnston, 2009). w88 link w88 moi nhat qualitative methods seek to describe, decode, translate, and come to terms with w88 link w88 moi nhat meaning of certain natural occurring phenomena in w88 link w88 moi nhat social world (Borland, 2001). Thus, conducting description is w88 link w88 moi nhat central work of data collection in w88 link w88 moi nhat qualitative methods. For example, in a study of stakeholders’ perception of CEO celebrity in a firm, it was employees, managers, suppliers’ responses to w88 link w88 moi nhat open-ended questions, and not w88 link w88 moi nhat closed-ended questions, that convinced w88 link w88 moi nhat firm’s Board of Directors that w88 link w88 moi nhat perception of CEO celebrity were strongly disliked by some staff personnel and should be studied further.

2.2. Measurement

Quantitative research is measured through objective rather than subjective methods. w88 link w88 moi nhat assumption of quantitative research is that reality is external, a real world makes up of hard, tangible and relatively immutable structure (Burrel & Morgan, 1979). w88 link w88 moi nhat quantitative research is designed to ensure objectivity, generalizability and reliability. w88 link w88 moi nhat quantitative researcher has access to methods and techniques which enable them to answer their questions precisely, systematically. It is believed that through scientific methods, research findings can be generalized from w88 link w88 moi nhat particular segment to w88 link w88 moi nhat entire population. For an example, a quantitative research may conduct on w88 link w88 moi nhat idea that Chief Executive Officer (CEO) performance is significant to a firm. In this case, CEO performance might be measured through w88 link w88 moi nhat annual certification contest with a number of medal awards (Hayward, 2004).

In other hand, w88 link w88 moi nhat subjectivist approach deals with w88 link w88 moi nhat way people experience phenomena in w88 link w88 moi nhat world and define its meaning. Qualitative researchers tend to describe w88 link w88 moi nhat unfolding of social processes, w88 link w88 moi nhat meaning of social life, rather than w88 link w88 moi nhat social structures that are often w88 link w88 moi nhat focus of quantitative researchers (VanderStoep & Johnston, 2009). For example, CEO performance might be measured through a number of external factors such as symbolic perspective viewed by stakeholder and managerial competencies. Thus, w88 link w88 moi nhat in-depth interviews will be probably conducted to several senior managers about their perceptions of their CEO performance and a focus group on employees, suppliers, distributors, and shareholders to gain a better understanding of their perspectives on CEO performance.

2.3. Method

w88 link w88 moi nhat key distinction between qualitative and quantitative perspectives is that quantitative research is deductive[1]and qualitative research is inductive[2]. w88 link w88 moi nhat quantitative research uses methods adopted from w88 link w88 moi nhat physical sciences, including appropriate statistical techniques, to study CEO behavior or other related social phenomena to determine if and to what extent predetermined study variables are causally related. In this perspective, experimental and quasi-experimental designs are used to collect numerical data on a population sample (Steckler et al., 1992). They administer survey questionnaires with predetermined response categories through in-person inter-views, telephone interviews, or mailings. w88 link w88 moi nhat goal in collecting quantitative data is also to generate measures that are reliable, generalizable, and unbiased (Steckler et al., 1992).

w88 link w88 moi nhat qualitative research, on w88 link w88 moi nhat other hand, applies anthropological research methods to study relevant social phenomena. Researchers using qualitative methods immerse themselves in a culture by observing its people and their interactions; participating in activities; interviewing key people; taking life histories; constructing case studies; and/or analyzing existing documents (Steckler et al., 1992). w88 link w88 moi nhat goal in collecting qualitative data is to elicit an “insider’s”; view from w88 link w88 moi nhat group under study. For example, for w88 link w88 moi nhat study of CEO celebrity, an insider’s view provides an understanding of how people perceive a CEO as celebrity, why people react to it w88 link w88 moi nhat way they do, why CEO celebrity has specific effects on stakeholder and to w88 link w88 moi nhat firm, and what w88 link w88 moi nhat unanticipated consequences of CEO celebrity are. By examining why and how some CEO celebrity succeed and others do not are able to improve future programs.

2.4. Focus

w88 link w88 moi nhat researchers make some arguments on generalizability that is how much, how well, or how closely w88 link w88 moi nhat findings from w88 link w88 moi nhat current sample apply to w88 link w88 moi nhat entire population. In w88 link w88 moi nhat qualitative research, researcher endeavors to observe individuals and within organizations holistically rather than as sums of their parts every case is valid and potentially worthy of study. Every case is representative of a specific personal life experiences and interpretations of those experiences. w88 link w88 moi nhat focus of qualitative research is to describe w88 link w88 moi nhat meaning of participants’ experiences even if w88 link w88 moi nhat participant or experience is not typical of w88 link w88 moi nhat majority experience. However, qualitative research is limited in generalizability. w88 link w88 moi nhat researcher can more freely generalize if w88 link w88 moi nhat single consumer of w88 link w88 moi nhat research report is also w88 link w88 moi nhat single object of w88 link w88 moi nhat study (Borland, 2001). For instance, qualitative researchers who conduct a case study related to CEO celebrity in a collectivism country, like Vietnam may generalize for w88 link w88 moi nhat study of CEO as celebrity in collectivism culture. They may not generalize for other individualism culture, like US or Australia. w88 link w88 moi nhat researchers from other collectivism cultures, like China, South Korea will find w88 link w88 moi nhat results of w88 link w88 moi nhat study usable only to w88 link w88 moi nhat degree that they evaluate their own experience and perceptions as same to w88 link w88 moi nhat environment in which w88 link w88 moi nhat research was made.

In contrast, w88 link w88 moi nhat focus of quantitative research is to find w88 link w88 moi nhat typical, w88 link w88 moi nhat average, w88 link w88 moi nhat trend that can be generalized to large populations. w88 link w88 moi nhat method does not study individual human beings but rather seeks to identify relationships between variables that explain behaviors that define specific populations of individuals (Borland, 2001). w88 link w88 moi nhat keys are to accurately define w88 link w88 moi nhat specific population of interest and to select a sample that accurately represents it. Therefore, w88 link w88 moi nhat findings from w88 link w88 moi nhat sample are generalized to w88 link w88 moi nhat entire population.

In conclusion, section 2 demonstrates w88 link w88 moi nhat main attributes of w88 link w88 moi nhat quantitative and qualitative paradigms in term of purpose, measurement, method and focus. Section 3 provides a comprehensive understanding of w88 link w88 moi nhat differences of w88 link w88 moi nhat two research perspective by representing their strengths and weaknesses.

3. Strengths and weaknesses of quantitative and qualitative research

Both perspectives have their own strengths and weaknesses. w88 link w88 moi nhat weaknesses are compensated for by w88 link w88 moi nhat strengths of w88 link w88 moi nhat other.

There are several strengths and weaknesses quantitative research. First strength is identified that quantitative research provides a wide coverage of w88 link w88 moi nhat range of situations. In addition, fast and economical aspects are w88 link w88 moi nhat second strength. That is, it is suitable when time and resources are limited. It is also better to use quantitative research when statistics results are being stressed. More importantly, quantitative methods produce factual, reliable outcome data that are usually generalizable to some larger population. However, its disadvantages are inflexible and artificial. It provides very little understanding towards w88 link w88 moi nhat actions demonstrated by human being and as a result, make it difficult to predict any changes in w88 link w88 moi nhat future. For example, a quantitative research may be able to give a general idea on w88 link w88 moi nhat cause effect relationship of manager performance and managerial competencies but, it may fail to supply w88 link w88 moi nhat details on how w88 link w88 moi nhat linkage differs for every individual manager and why. Therefore, it might not be very helpful in generating theories or understanding w88 link w88 moi nhat issues thoroughly.

w88 link w88 moi nhat weaknesses of quantitative perspective are most of w88 link w88 moi nhat times w88 link w88 moi nhat strengths of w88 link w88 moi nhat qualitative perspective. w88 link w88 moi nhat qualitative perspective has w88 link w88 moi nhat ability to look at w88 link w88 moi nhat change processes over time. Moreover, w88 link w88 moi nhat qualitative methods generate rich, detailed, valid process data by interviewing and observing people. For example, qualitative methods also provide contextual understanding of CEOs’ behavior and their effects results. With a good amount of valuable information, w88 link w88 moi nhat data, ideas and issues can be adjusted as they emerge. Due to this, it is a better instrument used by researchers who want to be able to generate theories at w88 link w88 moi nhat end of their studies. In addition, by interviewing and observing people, w88 link w88 moi nhat qualitative process happens naturally in its own environment rather than in an artificially created surrounding as w88 link w88 moi nhat quantitative process. However, qualitative research has several disadvantages. Data collection in qualitative research can take a great time and resources. It is then not relevant for studies that need limited time and financial support. w88 link w88 moi nhat collected data may look disorganized because of w88 link w88 moi nhat lack of researcher control on w88 link w88 moi nhat data. For example, it is not possible for a researcher to maintain w88 link w88 moi nhat same discussion when interviewing multiple stakeholders. This is due to w88 link w88 moi nhat fact that people are often encouraged to talk about unrelated things from time to time. Thus, w88 link w88 moi nhat data analysis and interpretation may be very difficult.

In short, section 3 illustrates w88 link w88 moi nhat strengths and weaknesses of quantitative and qualitative research. Some authors refer to quantitative approaches as w88 link w88 moi nhat dominant paradigm because w88 link w88 moi nhat purposes, procedures, and benefits of quantitative methods are well known and accepted. In contrast, w88 link w88 moi nhat purposes, procedures, and benefits of qualitative methods are unfamiliar to many. I, therefore, emphasize qualitative research in w88 link w88 moi nhat next section of this paper because I believe it helps to obtain a comprehensive understanding of CEO celebrity study in leadership.

4. Qualitative in leadership

Schilling (2007) stresses w88 link w88 moi nhat importance of qualitative research as w88 link w88 moi nhat concept of leadership involves multiple levels of phenomena, possesses a dynamic character, and has a symbolic component. As w88 link w88 moi nhat focus of w88 link w88 moi nhat present study (a study of CEO as celebrity) lies particularly on w88 link w88 moi nhat symbolic and subjective character of leadership, a qualitative research indicates an appropriate approach. w88 link w88 moi nhat aim of this second part of w88 link w88 moi nhat paper is to critically examine peer reviewed articles in CEO celebrity study and to use w88 link w88 moi nhat literature to justify why qualitative research is chosen for w88 link w88 moi nhat study of CEO celebrity.

4.1. w88 link w88 moi nhat study in CEO celebrity

4.1.1. w88 link w88 moi nhat definition of CEO celebrity

CEO celebrity is defined as a circumstance arising when journalists broadcast w88 link w88 moi nhat attributions that a firm’s positive performance has been caused by its CEO’s actions (Ketchen et al., 2008). To be celebrity, CEO actions and behaviors must stand out from others. This distinction can be obtained via behavioral consistency organization, and/or differing actions from other CEOs operating in w88 link w88 moi nhat similar environment (Treadway et al., 2008). In Tran (2009) shows a case of Mobivi, one of w88 link w88 moi nhat largest online payment firms in Vietnam, where leadership skill is critical issue and celebrity of w88 link w88 moi nhat Chief Executive Officer (CEO) - Trung Dung[3]is utilized as w88 link w88 moi nhat company intangible asset. However, with w88 link w88 moi nhat CEO as celebrity, w88 link w88 moi nhat Mobivi has some managerial problems, such as internal conflict of interest in Board of Directors, lack of knowledge sharing in cross functional departments, and lack of staff motivation.

4.1.2. w88 link w88 moi nhat overview of w88 link w88 moi nhat study of CEO as celebrity

This objective of w88 link w88 moi nhat particular study is to further explore w88 link w88 moi nhat study of w88 link w88 moi nhat CEO as celebrity. w88 link w88 moi nhat study of CEO celebrity may aid in answering w88 link w88 moi nhat extent to which leadership field and why some CEO celebrities succeed and others do not.  w88 link w88 moi nhat research question broadly asked in this study is, “How do charismatic leadership affect to CEO celebrity effectiveness?”  Specifically, this study tries to answer w88 link w88 moi nhat sub following questions; (1) to investigate w88 link w88 moi nhat impact of charisma leadership skills on CEO celebrity effectiveness, (2) to identify w88 link w88 moi nhat most requisite charismatic skills that CEO celebrities need to improve their effectiveness (3) to identify perceived CEOs celebrity-generation to multiple stakeholders.

4.2. Justification of qualitative research for w88 link w88 moi nhat study of CEO celebrity

4.2.1. Change process

Several of w88 link w88 moi nhat studies are concerned with how leaders and their styles of leadership promote change and how leadership styles themselves change in response to particular circumstances (Bryman, 2004). In change process, w88 link w88 moi nhat leaders should consider in addressing multiple stakeholders (external and internal), instilling a vision of how change to be implemented, and looking for what w88 link w88 moi nhat future state of w88 link w88 moi nhat organization to be. w88 link w88 moi nhat emphasis on change is especially prominent in qualitative research of leadership which show how, over time and often in w88 link w88 moi nhat face of considerable adversity, leaders make an impact on their organizations (Bryman, 2004). As such, w88 link w88 moi nhat researcher is able to view over time w88 link w88 moi nhat kinds of impacts that leaders make and how they respond to problems with which they are faced. Qualitative research is particularly appropriate methods in terms of providing a detailed sense of w88 link w88 moi nhat context that forms w88 link w88 moi nhat backcloth to w88 link w88 moi nhat ways that leaders implement w88 link w88 moi nhat change process.

4.2.2. Context

Qualitative research on leadership tends to give greater attention to w88 link w88 moi nhat ways in which leaders and styles of leadership have to be or tend to be responsive to particular circumstances. Qualitative researchers are more likely to emphasize w88 link w88 moi nhat significance of w88 link w88 moi nhat sector within which leadership takes place (schools, business organizations) for styles of leadership and what is regarded as more or less effective. Qualitative researchers tend to be more sensitive to w88 link w88 moi nhat situational factors or generic aspects of different contexts, such as w88 link w88 moi nhat leader - member relations, and w88 link w88 moi nhat leader’s position power (Bryman, 2004).

4.2.3. Ceo

In qualitative research, there is a tendency to focus on CEO, such as top executives, and their teams, whereas quantitative research tends to be concerned with leaders at a variety of levels. To access w88 link w88 moi nhat leader behavior of CEO, researchers may interview and observe w88 link w88 moi nhat leaders at work and/or interview others regarding their leader behavior. For example, in CEO celebrity study, w88 link w88 moi nhat research should interview and observe CEO who is w88 link w88 moi nhat focus of w88 link w88 moi nhat research, as well as multiple stakeholders in order to better an understanding of w88 link w88 moi nhat CEO’s impact.

In conclusion, there are several mentioned aspects of leadership that is difficult to gain access to through quantitative research. As a result, qualitative research is greatly justified w88 link w88 moi nhat particular circumstances. It has proved valuable in certain areas: understanding leadership in relation to w88 link w88 moi nhat change process; how leaders manipulate symbols and meaning to achieve organizational ends; appreciating w88 link w88 moi nhat relevance of context for leader behavior; and giving us insights into w88 link w88 moi nhat worlds of senior leaders or CEOs.

4.3. Tentative Research design

w88 link w88 moi nhat purpose of research design is to present a pilot work in w88 link w88 moi nhat qualitative method that is conducted in Vietnam. w88 link w88 moi nhat tools of qualitative research as in-depth interviews and focus group are to be discussed.

w88 link w88 moi nhat in-depth interviews involve five CEO interviews with five different firms. There are three 3 CEO celebrities that are recommended by w88 link w88 moi nhat Vietnamese Business Association and Business Financial Journalist. w88 link w88 moi nhat three CEO celebrities can be a winner of w88 link w88 moi nhat annual certification gold award, “w88 link w88 moi nhat CEO of w88 link w88 moi nhat year” award.

w88 link w88 moi nhat focus group discussions are classified into 3 types of stakeholders and each type is conducted with one group that consists of 6 to 8 people. First group classification is potential stakeholders as firm investors, potential suppliers and distributors, and customers. Second group classification is engaged stake holders as firm's stockholders, employees and managers, distributors, suppliers, current customers. Third group classification is government agencies, business associations, community network, and business journalists. All, w88 link w88 moi nhat qualitative research conducts in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. All of w88 link w88 moi nhat in-depth interviews and focus group discussion use an informal conversational style which begins with a brief explanation of w88 link w88 moi nhat purpose of w88 link w88 moi nhat research and an assurance of w88 link w88 moi nhat confidentiality. w88 link w88 moi nhat interviews and discussions are conducted in Vietnamese language with only one moderator throughout in order to control w88 link w88 moi nhat consistency of w88 link w88 moi nhat work.

5. Conclusion

w88 link w88 moi nhat research purposes of w88 link w88 moi nhat quantitative and qualitative perspective both have different effects. While w88 link w88 moi nhat qualitative perspective is subjective and uses language and description, w88 link w88 moi nhat quantitative perspective is objective and refers on figures and statistics.

This paper shows to give an overview and a contrast of w88 link w88 moi nhat two different research perspectives - quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative research distinguishes from qualitative research in its purpose, measurement, methods, and focus. Furthermore, w88 link w88 moi nhat paper provides a comprehensive understanding of w88 link w88 moi nhat differences of w88 link w88 moi nhat two research perspective by representing their strengths and weaknesses. More importantly, w88 link w88 moi nhat paper is to show w88 link w88 moi nhat selection of w88 link w88 moi nhat qualitative perspective as a pathway of gaining w88 link w88 moi nhat insights and discoveries in w88 link w88 moi nhat leadership studies.

TÀI LIỆU TRÍCH DẪN:

[1] A deductive approach is a process of reasoning that flows from a theory or hypothesis to systematic empirical observation to conclusion (VanderStoep SW & Johnston, DD 2009).

[2]An inductive approach is a process of reasoning that follows a reverse path - observation precedes theory, hypothesis, and interpretation (VanderStoep SW & Johnston, DD 2009).

[3] According to w88 link w88 moi nhat Wikipedia (2009), Dung founded and ran OnDisplay, Inc which was a pioneer in w88 link w88 moi nhat development of business-to-business application integration technology. Mr. Dung grew OnDisplay from a product concept to an enterprise software company that was one of w88 link w88 moi nhat 10 most successful IPOs in 1999 and was ultimately acquired by Vignette Corporation in 2000 for .8 billion Wikipedia (2009). In Tran (2009), Trung Dung is now w88 link w88 moi nhat CEO and chairman of w88 link w88 moi nhat Mobivi. Trung Dung is a famous businessman, as a first and only USD billionaire, in banking and finance, Information Technology and Vietnamese Business and Commerce Association.

REFERENCES:

1. Borland, K.W. (2001). New directions for institutional research, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2. Burrel, G. & Morgan, G. (1979). Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis, Heinemann.
3. Bryman, A. (2004). Qualitative research on leadership: A critical but appreciative review. Leadership Quarterly, 15, pp. 729-769.
4. Hayward, M., Rindova, V., & Pollock, T. (2004). Believing one's own press: w88 link w88 moi nhat causes and consequences of CEO celebrity. Strategic Management Journal, 25, pp. 637-655.
5. Ketchen, D.J., Adams, G.L. & Shook, C.L. (2008) Understanding and managing CEO celebrity. Business Horizons, 51, pp. 529-534.
6. Steckler, A., McLeroy, K.R., Goodman, R.M., Bird, S.T. & McCormick, L. (1992). Toward Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: An Introduction. Health Education Behavior, pp 19.
7. Schilling, J. (2007). Leaders romantic conceptions of w88 link w88 moi nhat consequences of leadership. Applied Psychology, 56(4)pp. 602 - 623.
8. Tran, M.D., (2009), Viet Phu’s payment support corporation (Mobivi), Organizational analysis report, DBA program, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW,.
9. Treadway, D., Adams, G., Ranft, A., & Ferris, G. (2009). A meso-level conceptualization of CEO celebrity effectiveness. w88 link w88 moi nhat Leadership Quarterly, 20, pp. 554-570.
10. VanderStoep, S.W. & Johnston, D.D (2019). Research Methods for everyday life. Jossey-Bass.

Sự khác nhau giữa phương pháp nghiên cứu định tính và định lượng: Áp dụng phương pháp định tính trong nghiên cứu về sự lãnh đạo

Trần Mai Đông

Đại học Kinh tế TP. Hồ Chí Minh

TÓM TẮT:

Bài nghiên cứu này cung cấp một cách nhìn tổng quát và tương phản về hai quan điểmnghiên cứu định lượngvà định tính.Nghiên cứu định tínhmang tính chất chủ quan và dựa trên dữ liệu về ngôn ngữ và các phương pháp mô tả. Trong khi đó, nghiên cứu định lượng mang tính chất khách quan và dựa trên số liệu và các phương pháp thống kê. Bên cạnh đó, bài nghiên cứu này đưa ra một cách hiểu toàn diện hơn về sự khác biệt củahai phương pháp nghiên cứunêu trên bằng việc đưa ra các điểm mạnh và điểm yếu của từng phương pháp. Bài nghiên cứu cũng cho thấy việc lựa chọn phương pháp nghiên cứu định tính đem lại những hiểu biết sâu sắc về năng lực của nhàlãnh đạo.

Từ khóa:Lãnh đạo, nghiên cứu định lượng, nghiên cứu định tính.