Interlingual transfer in using link chuẩn của w88 English passive voice of Vietnamese students

ABSTRACT:

Passive voiceis commonly used in English but it is usually absent or rarely present in topic-prominent languages like Vietnamese. Therefore, Vietnamese students often misuse link chuẩn của w88 voice, transfer link chuẩn của w88 sentences containing link chuẩn của w88 words “bị” or “được” in Vietnamese active sentences into English passive sentences or tend to use link chuẩn của w88 active voice in some contexts that passive voice should be used. In link chuẩn của w88 light of finding out solutions to these problems, this article aims at link chuẩn của w88 literature review of link chuẩn của w88 Vietnamese passive voice in view of syntactic constructions and link chuẩn của w88 English passive voice. This paper also provides implications for improving link chuẩn của w88 teaching and learning ofEnglish passive voice.

Keywords:topic-prominent languages, syntactic constructions, interlingual transfer.

 

1. Introduction

Grammar has always played a crucial role in language teaching and learning. Language teachers and specialists are of link chuẩn của w88 view that grammar can help first, second and foreign language learners develop linguistic competence. Grammar affects students’ performance in all four skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Littlewood (1994) mentioned that communication through correct grammar could help learners make a wider and more creative range of meaning choices. Thus, he added that “through link chuẩn của w88 grammatical system of language, then communication can become increasingly independent of its setting.”

link chuẩn của w88 passive sentences, an important part of every English language teaching grammar syllabus, present difficulty to many Vietnamese learners. Although they have learned link chuẩn của w88 passive voice since they were at secondary school, they still have difficulty using them. As Celce-Murcia claims “link chuẩn của w88 English passive is a problem for non- English speakers, mainly with regard to usage. Even though ESL/EFL students can easily learn to form link chuẩn của w88 passive, they have problems learning when to use it.” And she explains some reasons for this “For most English learners, however, link chuẩn của w88 passive will occur more frequently in English than in link chuẩn của w88 learners’ native language and there will be a wider variety of passive sentence types in English than in their own language”. Likewise, Parrott (2000) claims that for most learners, knowing when to use passive constructions is link chuẩn của w88 greatest problem. And they often don’t use them where they would be appropriate.

Although there are several studies on link chuẩn của w88 errors in link chuẩn của w88 English passive voice, link chuẩn của w88 findings are about errors in constructions and in link chuẩn của w88 translation from link chuẩn của w88 Vietnamese into English or vice versa. In fact, during link chuẩn của w88 teaching process and observation, link chuẩn của w88 researcher realized that link chuẩn của w88 students misused link chuẩn của w88 voice or avoided using link chuẩn của w88 passive voice in situations that it should be used. Besides, they have link chuẩn của w88 habit of transferring link chuẩn của w88 Vietnamese sentences carrying link chuẩn của w88 words “bị” or “được” into link chuẩn của w88 passive sentences in English. Therefore, in order to have a thorough and particular insight into link chuẩn của w88 problems that students face and how far towards link chuẩn của w88 goal is link chuẩn của w88 knowledge acquired, this paper aims to revise some necessary literature in passive voice in Vietnamese and in English and to illustrate some interlingual errors made by students in using passive voice and make some suggestions for improving link chuẩn của w88  teaching and learning of link chuẩn của w88 English passive voice.

2. Literature review

2.1. link chuẩn của w88 passive voice in Vietnamese

link chuẩn của w88 issues of passive voice or passive sentences in Vietnamese have been link chuẩn của w88 most controversial among link chuẩn của w88 Vietnamese linguists. Their different approaches to Vietnamese passive sentences could be put into two groups: link chuẩn của w88 morphological approach and link chuẩn của w88 syntactic approach, link chuẩn của w88 former denies and link chuẩn của w88 later acknowledges link chuẩn của w88 existence of passive sentences in Vietnamese.

Some researchers such as Trần Trọng Kim (1936), Emeneau (1951), Cadiere (1958), etc. claim that Vietnamese is an isolating language, its verbs do not have passive voice, therefore it does not have passive sentences as do inflecting languages (such as Russian, French, etc.). To transform an active sentence to link chuẩn của w88 passive sentence, link chuẩn của w88 verb in inflecting languages has to change its form from active voice to passive voice. link chuẩn của w88 verbs in Vietnamese do not change their forms so they do not satisfy these strict morphological criteria of passive voice as a grammatical category. Thompson (1965) also considers that link chuẩn của w88 construction with được/ bị are just link chuẩn của w88 translation equivalents of passive constructions in Indo-European languages. Besides link chuẩn của w88 absence of passive voice as a morphological category, other researchers base on link chuẩn của w88 fact that Vietnamese is a topic-prominent rather than subject-prominent language to deny link chuẩn của w88 existence of passive sentences in Vietnamese. According to Li, Ch. N and Thompson, S.A (1976), Nguyễn Thị Ánh (2000), Cao Xuân Hạo (2001), passive constructions are very common in subject-prominent languages but usually absent or rarely present in topic-prominent languages.

Contrary to link chuẩn của w88 first view, some other researchers like Nguyễn Phú Phong (1976), Hoàng Trọng Phiến (1980), Lê Xuân Thại (1989), Diệp Quang Ban and Nguyễn Thị Thuận (2000) claim that Vietnamese has passive sentences as syntactic constructions. These authors argue that link chuẩn của w88 passive voice in Vietnamese is not marked in link chuẩn của w88 form of verbs but in link chuẩn của w88 form of a syntactic construction with established grammatical and semantic characteristics. According to these authors, link chuẩn của w88 syntactic structures of a Vietnamese passive sentence are as follows:

- link chuẩn của w88 subject of link chuẩn của w88 passive is link chuẩn của w88 object of link chuẩn của w88 alternative active. It denotes link chuẩn của w88 action of patient, not link chuẩn của w88 action of agent.

- link chuẩn của w88 predicate of link chuẩn của w88 passive includes an auxiliary bị/được/do and a transitive verb (sometimes bị/ được can be absent from passive sentences).

- link chuẩn của w88 agentive subject is optional to be present in link chuẩn của w88 passive.

As presented above, there are different views on passive sentences in Vietnamese. From these arguments, however, we can come to conclusion that passive voice does exist in Vietnamese with specific grammatical and semantic characteristics.

- Meaning and Use of link chuẩn của w88 Vietnamese passive voice:In ‘Ngữ văn 7’ published by Ministry of Education and Training (2004), link chuẩn của w88 passive voice is introduced to link chuẩn của w88 Vietnamese students with some following meanings:

+ In link chuẩn của w88 passive sentences, subjects are people or things that receive link chuẩn của w88 action or are affected by link chuẩn của w88 action.

+ In some contexts, link chuẩn của w88 active- passive transform or vice versa aims to make link chuẩn của w88 text coherent. In link chuẩn của w88 two following examples, passive voice is used because link chuẩn của w88 theme in link chuẩn của w88 first text (Tinh thần yêu nước) and link chuẩn của w88 second text (Thế Lữ) remain link chuẩn của w88 subjects in link chuẩn của w88 preceeding sentences to make link chuẩn của w88 test easy to be understood and smooth.

Ex: - Tinh thần yêu nước cũng như các thứ của quý. Có khi được trưng bày trong tủ kính, trong bình pha lê, rõ ràng, dễ thấy, nhưng cũng có khi cất giấu kín đáo trong rương, trong hòm.(Hồ Chí Minh)

- Người đầu tiên chịu ảnh hưởng thơ Pháp rất đậm là Thế Lữ. Những bài thơ có tiếng của Thế Lữ ra đời từ đầu năm 1933 đến năm 1934. Giữa lúc người thanh niên Việt Nam bấy giờ ngập trong quá khứ đến tận cổ, thì Thế Lữ đưa về cho họ cái hương vị phương xa. Tác giả “Mấy vần thơ” liền được tôn làm đương thời đệ nhất thi sĩ.(Hoài Thanh)

These two meanings of link chuẩn của w88 passive voice are link chuẩn của w88 same as ones in link chuẩn của w88 English passive. However, link chuẩn của w88 English passive voice has more usages than link chuẩn của w88 Vietnamese passive.

- Structures of link chuẩn của w88 Vietnamese passive sentences:According to Nguyễn Hồng Cồn, Bùi Thị Diên (2004), Lê Xuân Thại (1989), there are three types of passive sentences in Vietnamese:

1. NP2 - được/ bị - V(unchanged form)

Nó bị phạt  (He is punished)

Cô ấy được khen (she is praised)

2. NP2 - được/ bị - NP1 – V

Nó bị bố nó đánh (He was hit by his father)

Hoa được cô giáo khen (Hoa is complimented by link chuẩn của w88 teacher)

3. NP2 - được /bị - V- bởi - NP1

Truyện Kiều được sáng tác bởi đại thi hào Nguyễn Du.

(Kiều story was written by Nguyen Du)

link chuẩn của w88 passive voice in Vietnamese is often expressed and recognized by link chuẩn của w88 two words “được’ and “bị”. However, there are some cases that these words do not perform passive meanings. This can be seen in link chuẩn của w88 two following examples: “Nó được gặp thủ tướng” (He has met link chuẩn của w88 Prime Minister) or “ Nó bị té” (She fell). These sentences demonstrate active voice, not link chuẩn của w88 passive one.

Passive voice with link chuẩn của w88 word “được” is used when people want to mention positive meanings: “Hoa được mẹ đưa đi xem xiếc” (Hoa was taken to link chuẩn của w88 circus by her mother). On link chuẩn của w88 other hand, passive voice with link chuẩn của w88 word “bị” is used when people want to express negative aspects: “Nó bị đánh” (He was hit). Nevertheless, not all passive meanings are marked with link chuẩn của w88 two words above. There are some kinds of special passive voice with link chuẩn của w88 absence of link chuẩn của w88 two words. For example, “Mặt tô đậm quá” (Your face was thickly made up); “Anh sinh ở đâu?” (Where were you born?) and “Cầu đã xây xong” (link chuẩn của w88 bridge has been built).

2.2. link chuẩn của w88 features of link chuẩn của w88 English passive voice

- English passive constructions:Many linguists like Azar (2003), Bland (2003), Carter and McCarthy (2006), Celce-Murcia (1983), Parrott (2000), Sandra (2005) and etc divide passive into two types: standard passives with Be and Get and pseudo-passives with Get and Have.

Generally, we have four distinct passive structures as follows:

1. Simple passives with BE… PAST PARTICIPLE

              Mary was hit by John.

Grapes are grown in that valley.

2. Simple passives with GET…… PAST PARTICIPLE

              Barry got invited to link chuẩn của w88 party.

John got hurt in link chuẩn của w88 accident.

3. Complex passives with BE…… PAST PARTICIPLE

              It is rumored that he will get link chuẩn của w88 job.

That he will get link chuẩn của w88 job has been decided.

John is thought to be intelligent, etc.

4. Pseudo passives with GET / HAVE …NP…… PAST PARTICIPLE

              Hal has his car stolen last week.

Alice had her purse snatched while shopping downtown

While Get-passive and Pseudo passives have link chuẩn của w88 same characteristic as Be passive as link chuẩn của w88 grammatical subject is typically link chuẩn của w88 recipient of link chuẩn của w88 action, they differ from Be- passive in link chuẩn của w88 functions they perform and link chuẩn của w88 contexts in which they are used. link chuẩn của w88 meaning and use of each type of passive form are presented in details as follows.

- Meaning and use of link chuẩn của w88 passive voice with Be:link chuẩn của w88 use of passive versus active voice is context-sensitive grammar choice. For this reason, link chuẩn của w88 meaning of a passive sentence should be explained and understood not only at link chuẩn của w88 sentence-level but also at discourse - level. It is in situations that link chuẩn của w88 meaning of link chuẩn của w88 passive voice is revealed. In other words. link chuẩn của w88 use of passive voice conveys link chuẩn của w88 function and link chuẩn của w88 meaning of link chuẩn của w88 passive voice in link chuẩn của w88 context.

Azar (1989), Bland (2003), Parrott (2000), Carter et al (2006), Sandra (2005), Jacobs (1993) provide some reasons for using link chuẩn của w88 passive voice:

+ Use link chuẩn của w88 passive when link chuẩn của w88 receiver or result of an action is more important than link chuẩn của w88 agent. link chuẩn của w88 passive is often used in descriptions of results or processes involving things rather than people.

+ Agentless passives are used when link chuẩn của w88 agent is unimportant, unknown, or obvious.

+ link chuẩn của w88 agentless passive is used to avoid very general subjects such as people, someone, we, one, and impersonal you and they. link chuẩn của w88 passive often sounds more indirect or impersonal.

+ Sometimes link chuẩn của w88 agentless passive is used to avoid taking responsibility for an action or to avoid blaming another person. e.g., A boss speaking to his employees:A serious error was made in link chuẩn của w88 payroll. (link chuẩn của w88 boss deliberately doesn’t say who made link chuẩn của w88 error.)

+ Passive are often used without agents if link chuẩn của w88 agent is unimportant, unknown, or obvious. However, link chuẩn của w88 agent is necessary when it is surprising or unexpected e.g.,link chuẩn của w88 mail has been deliveredby an experimental robot (link chuẩn của w88 agent is surprising.).We were given six pages of homeworkby a substitute teacher. (link chuẩn của w88 agent is unexpected.)

+ An agent is used to provide additional or new information. e.g.,You will be notified about link chuẩn của w88 exam dateby e-mail.

+ An agent is used to complete link chuẩn của w88 meaning of link chuẩn của w88 sentence or to add important information-especially a proper noun, such as link chuẩn của w88 name of an author, artist, composer, inventor, or designer e.g.,Washington, D.C. was designed by Pierre L’Enfant.

+ Academic discourse, such as textbooks and other factual materials, tends to focus on objects, processes, and results. Such materials try to present an objective and impersonal perspective to convey a sense of authority. To express this tone, writers often use passive expressions with it-subjects (e.g., It is expected that) as well as other passive constructions e.g.,It is generally agreed that people can learn something much more rapidly link chuẩn của w88 second time.

+ In public discourse, such as newspaper headlines, public announcements, and signs, link chuẩn của w88 passive is used to convey an objective or impersonal tone. link chuẩn của w88 passive often sounds more formal, factual, or authoritative. E.g.,Over 100 People Injured by Aftershocks. (Newspaper Headlines) orPassengers are requested to remain seated.( Announcement on an Airplane).

Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman (1983:228) also provide us some guidelines concerning when to use link chuẩn của w88 passive:

+ When link chuẩn của w88 agent is redundant, i.e., easy to supply, and therefore not expressed. e.g.:Oranges are grown in California.

+ When link chuẩn của w88 writer wants to emphasize link chuẩn của w88 receiver or result of link chuẩn của w88 action. e.g.:Six people were killed by link chuẩn của w88 tornado.

+ When link chuẩn của w88 writer wants to make a statement sound objective without revealing link chuẩn của w88 source of information e.g.:It is assumed/believed that he will announce his candidacy soon.

+ When link chuẩn của w88 writer wants to be tactful or evasive by not mentioning link chuẩn của w88 agent or when he or she cannot or will not identify link chuẩn của w88 agent e.g.:Based  on link chuẩn của w88 total figure, it appears that an error was made in link chuẩn của w88 budget.

+ When link chuẩn của w88 writer wishes to retain link chuẩn của w88 same grammatical subject in successive clauses, even though link chuẩn của w88 function of link chuẩn của w88 noun phrase changes from agent to theme. e.g.:George Foreman beat Joe Frazier, but he was beaten by Muhammad Ali.

+ When link chuẩn của w88 passive is more appropriate than link chuẩn của w88 active (usually in complex sentences).e.g.:link chuẩn của w88 results of this second language learning experiment tend to confirm link chuẩn của w88 hypothesis that students learn in distinctively different ways as was suggested by Bogen, Paivio, Cohen and Witkin.(In this context link chuẩn của w88 passive is more appropriate than link chuẩn của w88 active, since link chuẩn của w88 hypothesis, which is link chuẩn của w88 theme and also link chuẩn của w88 NP of primary importance, can be fully stated before link chuẩn của w88 writer mentions link chuẩn của w88 source authors (i.e., agents), who are of secondary importance here.

+ When link chuẩn của w88 theme is given information and link chuẩn của w88 agent is new information. e.g.: What a lovely scarf!

        Thank you. It was given to me by Pam.

As far as we see in link chuẩn của w88 guidelines in using link chuẩn của w88 passive voice, agentless passive is mentioned. Indeed, passive sentences are usually used without link chuẩn của w88 agent at all. link chuẩn của w88 passive sentences that do not mention link chuẩn của w88 agent are called agentless passives. link chuẩn của w88 use of link chuẩn của w88 agentive passive and link chuẩn của w88 agentless passive is clarified in link chuẩn của w88 notion of agentless passive.

- Agentless passive:link chuẩn của w88 majority of passive sentences that occur in speech and in writing (i.e., around 85 percent) do not have an explicit agent. For example:

                 Rice is grown in many Asian countries.

link chuẩn của w88 papers have been destroyed.

Such sentences occur when link chuẩn của w88 agent is understood, e.g., “farmer” in link chuẩn của w88 first sentence above, or perhaps unknown, as in link chuẩn của w88 second one.

In a usage study of link chuẩn của w88 English passive Shintani (1979; cited in Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman,1983;217) suggests that we teach our ESL/EFL students when and why to retain link chuẩn của w88 agent in those approximately 15 percent of passive sentences that have explicit agents-rather than trying to give them rules for omitting link chuẩn của w88 agent in those 85 percent of passives that are agentless. She examined a large number of agents that were overtly expressed in passive sentences occurring in written and spoken discourse, and she concluded that almost all these agents could be explained by one of link chuẩn của w88 following generalizations:

1. link chuẩn của w88 agent is a proper name designating an artist, inventor, discoverer, innovator, etc., who is too important to omit in link chuẩn của w88 context.

        link chuẩn của w88 Mona Lisa was paintedby da Vinci.

2. link chuẩn của w88 agent is an indefinite noun phrase, i.e., new information, and is retained to provide link chuẩn của w88 listener or reader with link chuẩn của w88 new information.

While Jill was walking down link chuẩn của w88 street, her purse was snatched by a young man.

3. link chuẩn của w88 agent is an inanimate noun phrase which is retained because it is unexpected; i.e., we expect agents to be animate, and almost all omitted agents get reconstructed as animate nouns.

All link chuẩn của w88 lights and appliances in link chuẩn của w88 Albertson household are switched on and off daily by an electrical device.

Among link chuẩn của w88 agentless passive sentences are stative passive, which is ambiguous and might cause confusion to link chuẩn của w88 EFL learners.

- Stative passive:As Azar (1981) defines, when link chuẩn của w88 passive form is used to describe an existing situation or state, it is called link chuẩn của w88 stative passive. For example:

           link chuẩn của w88 door is blocked.

link chuẩn của w88 window is broken.

Ann is married to Alex.

I am lost.

In link chuẩn của w88 stative passive: no action is taking place; link chuẩn của w88 action happened earlier; There is no by-phrase; link chuẩn của w88 past participle functions as an adjective; Prepositions other than by can follow stative passive verbs; These sentences have no equivalent active sentences.

Also, Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman (1983) state that a significant  number of passive sentences in English are stative passive; i.e., they function more like predicate adjectives than like passive verbs. This distinction will become clearer if we consider link chuẩn của w88 following pair of sentences:

link chuẩn của w88 wells are located near link chuẩn của w88 edge of link chuẩn của w88 reserve.

             link chuẩn của w88 wells were located by two engineers.

Even though link chuẩn của w88 verblocateappears in both sentences, two different meanings are being expressed. link chuẩn của w88 first sentence is a stative passive without an agent and without an active voice counterpart; it gives link chuẩn của w88 reader or listener link chuẩn của w88 location of link chuẩn của w88 wells. Note also that link chuẩn của w88 present tense is used. This is typical though not universal for stative passives. link chuẩn của w88 second sentence, however, does have an agent (i.e., link chuẩn của w88 engineers), and it tells us that link chuẩn của w88 engineers discovered link chuẩn của w88 locations of link chuẩn của w88 wells; also, an active voice counterpart is possible.

Some linguists maintain that stative passives are really adjectives, not true passives. Whatever analysis is used, we should be aware of link chuẩn của w88 fact that some sentences that look like normal passives are in fact stative passives that have no agent and no active voice counterpart (Jacobs; 1993).

- Meaning and use of passives with GET:Bland (2003) states that GET commonly replaces BE in informal conversation. GET passives are often more dynamic and emotional than BE passives. Sentences with GET passives are usually about people rather than objects and especially about situations that people cannot control.

And as Celce-Murcia (1983) points out link chuẩn của w88 BE passive is formal or  neutral whereas link chuẩn của w88 GET passive is colloquial and perhaps also suggests link chuẩn của w88 emotional involvement of link chuẩn của w88 speaker. link chuẩn của w88 GET passive is more limited than link chuẩn của w88 BE passive in that it can only be used with verbs denoting actions and processes, not states. This, of course, characterizes link chuẩn của w88 fundamental difference between link chuẩn của w88 two, i.e. GET emphasizes process while BE reports a state.

Similarly, Carter et al (2000) suggest that GET passives are very common in spoken English, and are likely to be used without an agent and are most often used when link chuẩn của w88 speaker considers a situation adverse or problematic.

Parrott (2000) provides some reasons for using link chuẩn của w88 Get passive:

+ link chuẩn của w88 action is unexpected, involuntary or possibly unwelcome. (ex: when he picked up link chuẩn của w88 phone we got cut off.)

+ An achievement based on something that has been built up beforehand.(ex: She got elected.)

+ An achievement in link chuẩn của w88 face of difficulty. (ex:I finally got admitted to hospital.)

It is a matter of fact that link chuẩn của w88 Get-passive is fairly frequent in colloquial English, not only in simple passives but also in pseudo-passive like Have,

For this reason, it should be introduced to link chuẩn của w88 learners carefully.

- Meaning and use of pseudo-passives with HAVE or GET:Pseudo -passives are formed with have / get + an object + past participle of link chuẩn của w88 verb.

Pseudo - passives are common in informal English. They also have subjects which have things done for them, to them or which happen to them. Pseudo passives withhaveare normally used when somebody does something for you or when you arrange a service, usually by an expert or professional (Carter, 2000:101).

According to Carter and McCarthy (2006), link chuẩn của w88havepseudo-passive most typically enables a person affected by an action or event to be made link chuẩn của w88 grammatical subject, thereby making that person link chuẩn của w88 starting point for link chuẩn của w88 message:

                   They had their keys stolen.

He had his window smashed.

link chuẩn của w88 meaning may be causative or non- causative:

             I don’t mind paying to go to link chuẩn của w88 dentist or to have my eyes checked

(causative: I make it happen)

             My friend round link chuẩn của w88 corner recently had his video stolen.

(non-causative: it was not his intention or aim)

To sum up, with all these complications, there is no surprise that link chuẩn của w88 passive voice presents difficulty for non-native speakers.  According to Error Analysis (EA), one of link chuẩn của w88 sources of errors is link chuẩn của w88 interference of mother tongue. Therefore, a look into link chuẩn của w88 difference between link chuẩn của w88 English passive and Vietnamese passive should be taken into consideration.

2.3. link chuẩn của w88 contrast between link chuẩn của w88 English passive voice and link chuẩn của w88 Vietnamese passive voice

As we can see from link chuẩn của w88 descriptions above, link chuẩn của w88 meaning and use of link chuẩn của w88 passive voice in link chuẩn của w88 two languages are quite similar. link chuẩn của w88 big differences lie in link chuẩn của w88 forms of link chuẩn của w88 two languages, as:

Table 1. link chuẩn của w88 big differences lie in link chuẩn của w88 forms of link chuẩn của w88 two languages

         

Moreover, Vietnamese people do not often use link chuẩn của w88 passive voice, but usually change it into link chuẩn của w88 active voice. For instance, “Mary’s mother took her to link chuẩn của w88 zoo” instead of “Mary was taken to link chuẩn của w88 zoo by her mother” while link chuẩn của w88 focus is Mary. Furthermore, Vietnamese people do not use double passive or passive causatives as English people do.

2.4. Interlingual transfer

link chuẩn của w88 termTransferis defined by Brown (2000) as ‘a general term describing link chuẩn của w88 carryover of previous performance or knowledge to subsequent learning’. Positive transfer occurs when link chuẩn của w88 prior knowledge benefits link chuẩn của w88 learning task. Negative transfer occurs when previous performance disrupts link chuẩn của w88 performance of a second task. Negative transfer can be referred to as interference. Littlewood points out ‘In link chuẩn của w88 case of transfer, link chuẩn của w88 learner uses his previousmother-tongueexperience as a means to organize link chuẩn của w88 second language data.’

link chuẩn của w88 termInterlanguagewas coined by link chuẩn của w88 American linguist, Larry Selinker, in recognition of link chuẩn của w88 fact that L2 learners construct a linguistic system that draws, in part, on link chuẩn của w88 learner’s L1 but is also different from it and also from link chuẩn của w88 target language. A learner’s interlanguage is, therefore, a unique linguistic system.

Both CAH (Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis)and EA(Error Analysis) claim that Interlingual Transfer is link chuẩn của w88 first factor that affects second language acquisition and also a significant source of errors. As Lado (1957) states (cf. Dulay and Burt,1972:97):

“That individuals tend to transfer link chuẩn của w88 forms and meanings, and link chuẩn của w88   distribution of forms and meanings of their native language and culture to link chuẩn của w88 foreign language and culture, both productively when attempting to speak link chuẩn của w88 language…and receptively when attempting to grasp and understand link chuẩn của w88 language…”

On link chuẩn của w88 other hand, Richards and Sampton (1971) claim that “Sentences in link chuẩn của w88 target language may exhibit interference from link chuẩn của w88 mother tongue”

Also, Brown suggests that “link chuẩn của w88 beginning stages of learning a second language are especially vulnerable to interlingual transfer from link chuẩn của w88 native language, or interference.” According to Brown, in these early stages, before link chuẩn của w88 system of link chuẩn của w88 second language is familiar, link chuẩn của w88 native language is link chuẩn của w88 only previous linguistic system upon which link chuẩn của w88 learner can draw.

Besides, Dulay and Burt (1972), George (1971) found that one-third of link chuẩn của w88 deviant sentences from second language learners could be attributed to language transfer (Richards and Sampson, 1971).

3. Interlingual transfer in using link chuẩn của w88 English passive voice of Vietnamese students

According to many researchers, errors in language transfer are sometimes inevitable.  In a survey on Vietnamese learners’ babit of translating sentences with “bị/được” into English, Hoàng Thị Phương Thảo, Trần Thuần (2000) claimed that “bị/được” is overemphasized in English - Vietnamese translation, link chuẩn của w88 consequence of which is link chuẩn của w88 tendency to treat any sentences containing bị/được as passive. link chuẩn của w88 most typical examples are:

Tôi bị mất tiền = I was lost money

Xe bị hư = link chuẩn của w88 car was broken down

Similarly, Swan and Smith (1987) point out that it is characteristic of Vietnamese learners of English that they avoid using passive forms, and it is sometimes hard to convince them that English passives entail no special difficulties. They also tend to equate Vietnamese ‘do’ with link chuẩn của w88 English word ‘by’, which they are, in consequence, liable to misuse.

From link chuẩn của w88 observations during 27 years of teaching Vietnamese students English, link chuẩn của w88 most common errors in language transfer are collected and listed in link chuẩn của w88 following table:

Table 2. link chuẩn của w88 most common errors in language transfer

4. Implications

Solving link chuẩn của w88 problems in using English passive voice requires great attention and effort of teachers as well as learners. link chuẩn của w88 following implications should be taken into consideration.

- Teachers should introduce link chuẩn của w88 passive voice in link chuẩn của w88 contexts and equip students with some guidelines in using link chuẩn của w88 passive voice. As Celce-Murcia stated, “English passive voice is context-sensitive grammar choice”. link chuẩn của w88 meanings of passive voice are revealed in link chuẩn của w88 situations or contexts in which passive voice is used. Therefore, meanings of passive voice should be explained at discourse level. Once link chuẩn của w88 students understand thoroughly link chuẩn của w88 meanings of passive voice, they can use it properly and efficiently.

- It is recommended that teachers provide different kinds of passive voice such as Get-passive; Causative passive with Have or Get; Complex passive as well as link chuẩn của w88 functions of each type in context for link chuẩn của w88 reason that get passive and have passive are very common in spoken English and they do not exist in Vietnamese. Besides, for link chuẩn của w88 students at university level, complex passive as “It is known /said/ believed that …”  should be introduced tactfully and carefully because it is used frequently in academic writing.

- It is also important for teachers to help students to distinguish intransitives from transitive verbs as well as some middle verbs. This requires link chuẩn của w88 teachers’ tact and sensitive explanation because middle verbs such asbegin, break, close, open, end, freeze, start, stop, change, burst, increase, decreasemay cause confusion to link chuẩn của w88 students. Therefore, link chuẩn của w88 teachers should provide link chuẩn của w88 verbs in contrast. For example:

      link chuẩn của w88 store opens at 9 a.m (open: intransitive)

link chuẩn của w88 store was opened in 1975 (open: transitive)

Prices increase (increase: intransitive)

link chuẩn của w88 salary will be increased next month (increase: transitive)                       

Besides, link chuẩn của w88 students might not know what verbs are intransitives  so they misuse link chuẩn của w88 voice. For this reason, link chuẩn của w88 teachers should explain to link chuẩn của w88 students what intransitives are and give as many situations as possible so that link chuẩn của w88 students can master them. Here are some suggestions:

- Intransitive verbsare verbs that do not have objects i.e. no one/ thing receives link chuẩn của w88 action.

They are verbs expressing a state such assleep, snow, rain, die, live, cry, ache, stay, look, stand, talk, remain, faintso onex; My father died 20 years ago.

They are verbs expressing link chuẩn của w88 movement or coming into being such astravel, go, come, walk, arrive, fall, depart, emerge, erupt, occur, appearetc.

Ex: link chuẩn của w88 accident happened when we were walking across link chuẩn của w88 street

It rained heavily yesterday

On link chuẩn của w88 other hand, some verbs are transitive verbs but they do not have passive form as they make no sense in English such asbecome, has, weigh, resemble, consist of, suit, cost, lack, fit, possessas in link chuẩn của w88 following example:

He weighs 150 pounds (we cannot say150 pounds are weighed by him)

Jenny resembles Bob (we cannot say Bob is resembled by Jenny)

We lack funds.

Two cups equal a pint.

She became a doctor.

link chuẩn của w88 book costs ten dollar.

- A contrastive analysis between Vietnamese passive and English passive should also be introduced in order for link chuẩn của w88 students to better their understanding about link chuẩn của w88 Vietnamese passive as well as link chuẩn của w88 differences between link chuẩn của w88 passive sentences in two languages. Especially, it is necessary that link chuẩn của w88 teachers clarify link chuẩn của w88 meaning of link chuẩn của w88 Vietnamese passive voice and help them to recognize that not all passive sentences carry link chuẩn của w88 meaning bị or được as in “Nó bị ngã” or “Nó được điểm mười” or some passive sentences do not carry link chuẩn của w88 passive markers( i.e. bị / được). For example: “Măt tô đậm quá’ or   “Anh sinh ở đâu?”; “ Cầu đã xây xong’

- Teachers themselves should refer some grammar books to keep abreast of new knowledge as well as some useful strategies to improve link chuẩn của w88 teaching of passive voice in particular and grammar in general.

5. Conclusion

Language interference is among contributory factors of link chuẩn của w88 problems in using link chuẩn của w88 English passive voice. It is proved that link chuẩn của w88 habit of translating sentences with “bị/được” into English leads to link chuẩn của w88 tendency to treat any sentences containing these words as passive (e,g. I am headached or They were accidented last week). Language interference, however, cannot be fully expressed through these examples. It affects link chuẩn của w88 learners in many aspects such as link chuẩn của w88 habits of using link chuẩn của w88 active voice instead of link chuẩn của w88 passive voice, link chuẩn của w88 absence of some types of link chuẩn của w88 passive in Vietnamese etc…

Therefore, there should be a consideration and proper remedies to link chuẩn của w88 interlingual errors in link chuẩn của w88 using English passive voice of Vietnamese students.

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SỰ CHUYÊN GIAO NGÔN NGỮ

TRONG VIỆC SỬ DỤNG CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG TIẾNG ANH

CỦA SINH VIÊN VIỆT NAM

• BÙI THỊ LỘC

Đại học Văn Lang

TÓM TẮT:

Câu bị động được sử dụng phổ biến trong tiếng Anh, nhưng nó thường không có hoặc hiếm khi xuất hiện trong các ngôn ngữ nổi bật về chủ đề như tiếng Việt. Vì vậy, học sinh Việt Nam thường sử dụng sai loại câu, chuyển những câu có chứa từ “bị” hoặc“được”trong câu chủ động trong tiếng Việt thành câu bị động trong tiếng Anh, hoặc có xu hướng sử dụng câu chủ động trong một số ngữ cảnh mà nên sử dụng câu bị động. Nhằm tìm ra giải pháp cho những vấn đề này, bài viết này trình bày tổng quan tài liệu về câu bị động trong tiếng Việt theo cấu trúc cú pháp và câu bị động trong tiếng Anh. Bài viết cũng cung cấp những gợi ý để cải thiện việc dạy và học câu bị động trong tiếng Anh.

Từ khóa:ngôn ngữ nổi bật theo chủ đề, cấu trúc cú pháp, sự chuyển giao giữa các ngôn ngữ.

[Tạp chí Công Thương - Các kết quả nghiên cứu khoa học và ứng dụng công nghệ, Số 19, tháng 8 năm 2022]