ABSTRACT:
This study examines the status quo and explores factors affecting the development w88 chuẩn nhất householdchicken farmingin Yen Dinh district, Thanh Hoa province. The study finds out that the farming scale has increased gradually with diversified chicken genotypes. The two most common genotypes are Choi crossbred and Mia. There are three main household chicken farming models including: intensive, semi-intensive and scavenging farming. In which, the most popular farming model is the semi-intensive model thanks to its low production costs and high quality w88 chuẩn nhất poultry. There are several factors affecting the chicken farming including: local policies, infrastructure, capital, expertise w88 chuẩn nhất farmers, and output price. This study proposes some solutions for sustainable development w88 chuẩn nhất chicken farming in Yen Dinh district.
Keywords:contract farming, farming practices, influencing factors, farming model.
1. Introduction
Chicken production has played an important role in Vietnam [7]. Especially, since the outbreak w88 chuẩn nhất African Swine Fever in 2019 a large number w88 chuẩn nhất farmers have stopped producing pigs and changed to raise chickens [3]. In addition, the demand for chicken meat w88 chuẩn nhất the Vietnamese is high and has increased recently [8]. The chicken meat consumption per capita was about 16.5 kg/year in 2016 and expected to increase to 17.22 kg/year in 2022 and 20.3 kg/year in 2029 [2]. This should be an opportunity for the development w88 chuẩn nhất chicken production in the country.
Contract farming is widespread throughout the world and many studies have argued that there are benefits for both contract farmers and contractors [6]. Furthermore, contract farming is considered relevant to developing countries and has also been a means w88 chuẩn nhất attracting income-generating projects from developed countries [6]. Contract farming has been introduced and developed in Vietnam. Some foreign feed companies such as Japfa Comfeed Vietnam Limited Company (JAPFA LTD) and Charoen Pokphand Group Vietnam (CPV) have contracted with farmers to grow chickens and pigs.
Yen Dinh is a district in the delta and midland area w88 chuẩn nhất Thanh Hoa province. It is about 28 km northwest w88 chuẩn nhất Thanh Hoa city. The district is a typical district w88 chuẩn nhất Vietnam with potentials and advantages for development w88 chuẩn nhất chicken production. In 2020 the district had a total poultry population w88 chuẩn nhất about 1.7 million heads, w88 chuẩn nhất which the total number w88 chuẩn nhất chickens were 1.46 million heads [9]. There were 62 large chicken farms, most w88 chuẩn nhất which signed farming contracts with the above enterprises [10]. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the status quo and explore factors affecting the development w88 chuẩn nhất individual and contract household raising chicken, thereby proposing solutions for development w88 chuẩn nhất chicken production in the district in the time to come.
2. Research Methods
2.1. Data collection
Primary data were collected through a survey in 2022 with 40 large producers signing farming contracts with enterprises, and 50 independent farmers at different chicken production scales. Independent households were selected randomly in 3 developed chicken raising communes, namely: Quy Loc, Dinh Hoa, and Yen Lam, and 2 less developed chicken farming communes, namely: Ding Cong and Dinh Tan. The number w88 chuẩn nhất producers per commune was calculated to be proportional to the total numbers w88 chuẩn nhất chicken farming households w88 chuẩn nhất those communes.
2.2. Data analysis
The data were classified into 2 groups according to types w88 chuẩn nhất households, viz. independent and contract households. Descriptive statistics was used to calculate mean and percentage w88 chuẩn nhất different parameters. Those parameters were compared between independent and contract households.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The status quo w88 chuẩn nhất household chicken production in Yen Dinh district
Production scale: In the studied district, there were five concentrated and large-scale production areas, including: Dinh Hoa, Yen Tam, Yen Phu, Yen Lam, and Quy Loc town. In these areas, there were 89 large chicken farms with production scales ranging from 12 thousand to more than one hundred thousand heads w88 chuẩn nhất chickens.
The model w88 chuẩn nhất raising chickens based on contracts signed with enterprises such as Phu Gia Agricultural Products Joint Stock Company, JAPFA LTD, and CPV developed significantly in the district. According to Yen Dinh DARD (2021), there were 46 large farms practicing contract farming. Those farms raised around 5000 - 20000 heads per each production cycle.
Figure 1: Total chickens w88 chuẩn nhất Yen Dinh district in from 2019 to 2021 (heads)
Source: Yen Dinh DSO (2019, 2020, 2021)
Figure 1 shows that the total number w88 chuẩn nhất chickens in Yen Dinh district increased gradually during the period from 2019 to 2021. That was because farmers recognized the development potential w88 chuẩn nhất and the significant income gained from chicken production. In addition, chicken is a fast-growing animal with short production cycle and can eat diversified types w88 chuẩn nhất feed. Hence, producers in Yen Dinh district expanded their chicken production scale.
3.2. Genotypes
Table 1. Chicken genotypes raised in the district w88 chuẩn nhất Yen Dinh
Source: Yen Dinh Department w88 chuẩn nhất Agriculture and Rural Development (2021)
Yen Dinh district had a variety w88 chuẩn nhất chicken genotypes as presented in Table 1. The chicken genotypes that were most raised were Choi crossbed (37.5% in 2021) and Mia chicken (34.8% in 2021). The fact is that these two chicken genotypes have good disease resistance, high meat yield, delicious meat, nice appearances, and thus satisfying local consumers’ preferences. However, the growing times w88 chuẩn nhất these two genotypes are longer than those w88 chuẩn nhất other genotypes such as industrial broilers w88 chuẩn nhất Hubbard and Luong Phuong breeds. The scale w88 chuẩn nhất Luong Phuong broiler production decreased because w88 chuẩn nhất the fact that its meat quality did not meet the eating habits w88 chuẩn nhất the local consumers due to its short raising time; moreover, Luong Phuong chicken is often susceptible to diseases, especially under unfavorable weather conditions.
Broilers had short raising time and high productivity. This type w88 chuẩn nhất chicken has just been raised recently. However, the production process requires high technical attention. The production conditions must be absolutely guaranteed in terms w88 chuẩn nhất biosecurity. The product marketing also faced several difficulties, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic, so broiler production did not become a sustainable choice w88 chuẩn nhất producers in the district.
Beside the above-mentioned genotypes, other indigenous chicken breeds such as Dong Tao, Ho, and Lac Thuy, etc. were also found in smaller numbers in the district.
Table 2. Sources w88 chuẩn nhất chicken seedstock supply
As can be seen in Table 2, chicken seedstock w88 chuẩn nhất contract households were totally provided by contract enterprises. The quality w88 chuẩn nhất seedstock from this source was good. For independent households, the selection w88 chuẩn nhất seedstock suppliers depended on the scale w88 chuẩn nhất production and the household’s capital. Those households raising chicken at medium and large scales often chose reputable seedstock suppliers. Differently, those households raising at small scales chose local hatcheries or used their own produced seedstock.
3.3. Farming systems
Table 3. Chicken farming systems in Yen Dinh district
Source: Yen Dinh DARD (2019, 2020, 2021)
There were three main chicken farming systems, viz. intensive, semi-intensive, and traditional scavenging systems (Table 3). The intensive farms totally used commercial feed for their chickens. The semi-intensive farms used commercial feed in part. Scavenging chickens were fed with traditional feeds such as corns, rice, green vegetables, and kitchen leftovers. The intensive and semi-intensive systems had short production cycles (ranging from 90 to 120 days), high productivity and low production costs with finish chickens mainly sold to traders or restaurants. Scavenging chickens had better meat taste for local consumers and were thus sold at higher prices. However, scavenging farming systems required more labor and land area.
The semi-intensive systems in the district accounted for the highest proportion and increased gradually over the three years. It can be explained that these systems could help solve the limitations w88 chuẩn nhất the other two types w88 chuẩn nhất systems, helping farmers get higher profits compared to the intensive systems. Another advantage w88 chuẩn nhất these systems was that the chickens were still free to move around, thus improving chicken welfare and meat quality. However, this system requires a large production area enough to make cages and gardens for chickens.
Hidayat et al (2015) reviewing research works related to native chicken production in Indonesia show that semi-intensive and intensive systems significantly improve chicken productivity [5]. Similarly, Alam et al (2021) agreed that feeding regime was one w88 chuẩn nhất the important factors affecting the production w88 chuẩn nhất poultry [1].
3.4. Diseases
The incidences w88 chuẩn nhất chicken diseases in the independent households were higher than that w88 chuẩn nhất contract farming ones. This might be because all w88 chuẩn nhất the contract households applied disease preventing practices whereas this number for independent household was about 58%.
The remaining independent households did not use veterinary drugs because they feared the cost. They might slaughter the diseased chickens for home consumption (4% w88 chuẩn nhất the households) or even sold the chickens immediately (10% w88 chuẩn nhất the households).
For contract farming households, when their chickens got diseases, they received treatment support from the contract companies due to the contractual obligations. Therefore, there was no case w88 chuẩn nhất selling unquarantined chickens to the market, thereby discrediting the companies.
4. Factors affecting the development w88 chuẩn nhất chicken production in Yen Dinh district
4.1. Policies
Over the years, Yen Dinh district always focused on implementing guidelines and policies w88 chuẩn nhất the central and provincial governments to encourage people to invest in development w88 chuẩn nhất livestock production in general and chickenproduction in particular. The goal was to develop livestock production from small and scattered to concentrated farms with high investment. Key highlights were the policies to encourage the restructuring w88 chuẩn nhất agriculture in Thanh Hoa province in the 2016-2020 period under Resolution No. 151/2015/NQ-HDND dated 11 December 2015 and Resolution No. 191/NQ-HDND dated 16 October 2019 w88 chuẩn nhất the provincial People's Council. These policies were an important factor influencing the development w88 chuẩn nhất sustainable poultry production in general and chicken production in particular.
4.2. Production facilities
Table 4. Facilities for household chicken production in Yen Dinh district
The survey results in Table 4 shows that chicken barns w88 chuẩn nhất the independent households with small scale production were constructed quite simply, mainly in the form w88 chuẩn nhất tents with mesh fences or using old cattle sheds reinforced into chicken barns. For the group w88 chuẩn nhất independent households, most w88 chuẩn nhất them (82%) built solid barns with ventilating fans (42%), automatic feeders (26%) and automatic drinking water taps (44%).
For the contract households, their chicken barns were well equipped. All w88 chuẩn nhất them had solid barns, ventilating fans and automatic drinking water taps. That was because the investment in production facilities was a necessary condition to be able to cooperate with the contract companies.
4.3. Production capital
Research results show that the majority w88 chuẩn nhất capital for chicken production w88 chuẩn nhất households in Yen Dinh was from loan sources. Households using their own funds mostly were those with small-scale production. Large-scale production independent households or contract households often had to borrow loans. The percentage w88 chuẩn nhất households borrowing loans w88 chuẩn nhất the contract households was higher than that w88 chuẩn nhất the independent households (57.5% vs. 38%, respectively). There was a large difference in the average amount w88 chuẩn nhất loans between the two groups w88 chuẩn nhất households due to the difference in the levels w88 chuẩn nhất investment in production facilities between the two groups.
4.4. Expertise w88 chuẩn nhất farmers
The independent farms had an average w88 chuẩn nhất 15.5 years raising chicken, which means that their experience in chicken farming was accumulated. However, the experience sometimes became the cause w88 chuẩn nhất conservatism that refused to innovate in farming practice. The contract farms had a shorter farming experience (10.4 years) due to the fact that farming contract had appeared for a short time and more often young people were engaged in contract farming.
Table 5. Participation w88 chuẩn nhất chicken producers in training courses in Yen Dinh district
Participation in training courses should help farmers improve their farming knowledge and skills. As shown in Table 5, the percentage w88 chuẩn nhất the independent households participating in training courses was lower than that w88 chuẩn nhất the contract households (42% vs. 77.5%). That was because contract households were often large-scale producers and, therefore, in addition to training courses held in the locality, they were regularly invited to attend training sessions and workshops held by business partners such as veterinary medicine companies, associated contract companies.
After training, much knowledge was not applied in practice. The reason was that many households went to training courses only under the movement, getting money for their participation without the spirit w88 chuẩn nhất learning, to build up their capacity. In addition, due to the limited educational background w88 chuẩn nhất many farmers, the training contents were too complicated and theoretical for them to follow and apply in practice. With the contract households, the rate w88 chuẩn nhất application to their production practice was higher than that w88 chuẩn nhất the independent households because the leaders w88 chuẩn nhất the contract households were in most cases younger so they were more active in learning and applying in practice.
6. Conclusions and recommendations
Chicken production scale in Yen Dinh district was increased gradually with diversified genotypes, w88 chuẩn nhất which, Choi crossbred and Mia chicken were two most common ones. Farmers applied three main production systems, viz. intensive, semi-intensive and scavenging. Among those, the semi-intensive system accounted for the largest proportion because it had low production costs and high quality w88 chuẩn nhất chicken meat. Chicken raising generated quite stable income for farmers. Chicken diseases quite often occurred, especially for independent households. Farmers applied composting, biological products and biogas digesters for chicken waste treatment.
Policies, production facilities, households’ capita, expertise w88 chuẩn nhất producers, and output prices were the main factors affecting chicken production in Yen Dinh district.
In order to develop chicken production in Yen Dinh district in the coming years, several recommendations are proposed as follows:
- There should be solution to improve production capita for chicken farmers.
- Producers should also pay more attention to the selection and purchase w88 chuẩn nhất high-quality chicken seedstock.
- Relevant agencies could support producers to learn techniques w88 chuẩn nhất self-mixing chicken feed from available feed sources such as corn, rice, and soybean... to reduce production costs and ensure quality w88 chuẩn nhất feed.
- Producers should proactively prevent chicken diseases with the vaccine and properly apply biosecurity measures.
- Yen Dinh district’s administration should provide more trainings by coordinating with vocational training schools inside and outside the locality.
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- Bairagi S, Mohanty, S., Baruah, S., & Huong, T. T. (2020). Changing food consumption patterns in rural and urban Vietnam: Implications for a future food supply system.Australian Journal w88 chuẩn nhất Agricultural and Resource Economics,64(3), 750-775.
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- Lan Phuong, ,T.N., Dong Xuan, ,K.D.T., & Szalay, I. (2015). Traditions and local use w88 chuẩn nhất native vietnamese chicken breeds in sustainable rural farming.World's Poultry Science Journal,71(2), 385-396.
- Nguyen T T Dungo, et. al. (2020). A survey w88 chuẩn nhất retail prices w88 chuẩn nhất antimicrobial products used in small-scale chicken farms in the mekong delta w88 chuẩn nhất Vietnam. Globalization and Health,16, 1-10.
- Yen Dinh District Statistics Office (Yen Dinh DSO) (2021). Report w88 chuẩn nhất socio-economic development w88 chuẩn nhất Yen Dinh District. [Online] Availabile athttps://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/559421468131381595/pdf/ RP12760v40RP0P0N0Haz0070March020120.pdf
- Yen Dinh Department w88 chuẩn nhất Agriculture and Rural Developmet (Yen Dinh DARD) (2022).2021 Report w88 chuẩn nhất development w88 chuẩn nhất agricultural production in Yen Dinh, Thanh Hoa.
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NGHIÊN CỨU ĐỐI VỚI CÁC NÔNG HỘ
TẠI HUYỆN YÊN ĐỊNH, TỈNH THANH HÓA
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1Đại học Công nghiệp Dệt may Hà Nội
2Trung tâm Dịch vụ Nông nghiệp
3Học viện Nông nghiệp Việt Nam
4Trường Đại học Công nghệ Đông Á
TÓM TẮT:
Nghiên cứu này nhằm đánh giá thực trạng và các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến sự phát triển của hoạt động chăn nuôi gà tại các nông hộ thuộc huyện Yên Định, tỉnh Thanh Hóa. Kết quả cho thấy quy mô chăn nuôi đã tăng dần cùng với sự đa dạng về các giống gà. Hai giống gà phổ biến nhất là gà Chọi lai và gà Mía. Phương pháp chăn nuôi gồm: thâm canh, bán thâm canh và thả vườn. Trong đó, hình thức bán thâm canh chiếm tỷ trọng cao nhất do chi phí sản xuất thấp, chất lượng thịt gà cao. Có một số yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến hoạt động chăn nuôi gà, gồm: chính sách địa phương, cơ sở hạ tầng, vốn, trình độ chuyên môn của nông dân và giá đầu ra. Nghiên cứu đề xuất một số giải pháp nhằm phát triển bền vững hoạt động chăn nuôi gà trên địa bàn huyện Yên Định.
Từ khoá:hợp đồng canh tác, tập quán canh tác, các yếu tố ảnh hưởng, hệ thống canh tác.
[Tạp chí Công Thương - Các kết quả nghiên cứu khoa học và ứng dụng công nghệ, Số 5 tháng 3 năm 2023]
